A Bombe - ترجمة إلى إنجليزي
![the Duke of Kent]], patron of the [[British Computer Society]] on 17 July 2008.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Bletchley Park Bombe4.jpg?width=200 "the Duke of Kent]], patron of the [[British Computer Society]] on 17 July 2008.")
![The plugboard of an Enigma machine, showing two pairs of letters swapped: S–O and A–J. During [[World War II]], ten plugboard connections were made.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Enigma-plugboard.jpg?width=200 "The plugboard of an Enigma machine, showing two pairs of letters swapped: S–O and A–J. During [[World War II]], ten plugboard connections were made.")
![Anti-nuclear weapons]] protest march in Oxford, 1980](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Anti-nuclear weapons protest, UK 1980.JPG?width=200 "Anti-nuclear weapons]] protest march in Oxford, 1980")
![commercial launch]] of the Russian [[Strategic Rocket Forces]] R-36 [[ICBM]]; also known by the NATO reporting name: [[SS-18 Satan]]. Upon its first fielding in the late 1960s, the SS-18 remains the single highest [[throw weight]] missile delivery system ever built.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Dnepr rocket lift-off 1.jpg?width=200 "commercial launch]] of the Russian [[Strategic Rocket Forces]] R-36 [[ICBM]]; also known by the NATO reporting name: [[SS-18 Satan]]. Upon its first fielding in the late 1960s, the SS-18 remains the single highest [[throw weight]] missile delivery system ever built.")
![[[Edward Teller]], often referred to as the "father of the hydrogen bomb"](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Edward Teller (1958)-LLNL.jpg?width=200 "[[Edward Teller]], often referred to as the \"father of the hydrogen bomb\"")
![Demonstration against nuclear testing in [[Lyon]], France, in the 1980s.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Essais nucleaires manif.jpg?width=200 "Demonstration against nuclear testing in [[Lyon]], France, in the 1980s.")
![Nagasaki]], Japan. They were large and could only be delivered by [[heavy bomber]] aircraft](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Fat man.jpg?width=200 "Nagasaki]], Japan. They were large and could only be delivered by [[heavy bomber]] aircraft")
![fission]] weapon designs](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Fission bomb assembly methods.svg?width=200 "fission]] weapon designs")
![The [[International Atomic Energy Agency]] was created in 1957 to encourage peaceful development of nuclear technology while providing international safeguards against nuclear proliferation.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Flag of IAEA.svg?width=200 "The [[International Atomic Energy Agency]] was created in 1957 to encourage peaceful development of nuclear technology while providing international safeguards against nuclear proliferation.")
![[[Robert Oppenheimer]], principal leader of the [[Manhattan Project]], often referred to as the "father of the atomic bomb".](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/JROppenheimer-LosAlamos.jpg?width=200 "[[Robert Oppenheimer]], principal leader of the [[Manhattan Project]], often referred to as the \"father of the atomic bomb\".")
![Protest in Bonn against the [[nuclear arms race]] between the U.S./NATO and the Warsaw Pact, 1981](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Massale vredesdemonstratie in Bonn tegen de modernisering van kernwapens in West, Bestanddeelnr 253-8611.jpg?width=200 "Protest in Bonn against the [[nuclear arms race]] between the U.S./NATO and the Warsaw Pact, 1981")
![This view of downtown [[Las Vegas]] shows a [[mushroom cloud]] in the background. Scenes such as this were typical during the 1950s. From 1951 to 1962 the government conducted 100 atmospheric tests at the nearby [[Nevada Test Site]].](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/NNSA-NSO-787.jpg?width=200 "This view of downtown [[Las Vegas]] shows a [[mushroom cloud]] in the background. Scenes such as this were typical during the 1950s. From 1951 to 1962 the government conducted 100 atmospheric tests at the nearby [[Nevada Test Site]].")
![Over 2,000 nuclear tests have been conducted in over a dozen different sites around the world. Red Russia/Soviet Union, blue France, light blue United States, violet Britain, yellow China, orange India, brown Pakistan, green North Korea and light green (territories exposed to nuclear bombs). The Black dot indicates the location of the [[Vela incident]].](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Rael Nuclear use locations world map.png?width=200 "Over 2,000 nuclear tests have been conducted in over a dozen different sites around the world. Red Russia/Soviet Union, blue France, light blue United States, violet Britain, yellow China, orange India, brown Pakistan, green North Korea and light green (territories exposed to nuclear bombs). The Black dot indicates the location of the [[Vela incident]].")
![Ukrainian]] workers use equipment provided by the U.S. [[Defense Threat Reduction Agency]] to dismantle a Soviet-era missile silo. After the end of the Cold War, Ukraine and the other non-Russian, post-Soviet republics relinquished Soviet nuclear stockpiles to Russia.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/SS-24 silo destruction.jpg?width=200 "Ukrainian]] workers use equipment provided by the U.S. [[Defense Threat Reduction Agency]] to dismantle a Soviet-era missile silo. After the end of the Cold War, Ukraine and the other non-Russian, post-Soviet republics relinquished Soviet nuclear stockpiles to Russia.")
![A photograph of [[Sumiteru Taniguchi]]'s back injuries taken in January 1946 by a U.S. Marine photographer](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Sumiteru Taniguchi back.jpg?width=200 "A photograph of [[Sumiteru Taniguchi]]'s back injuries taken in January 1946 by a U.S. Marine photographer")
![The basics of the [[Teller–Ulam design]] for a hydrogen bomb: a fission bomb uses radiation to compress and heat a separate section of fusion fuel.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Teller-Ulam device 3D.svg?width=200 "The basics of the [[Teller–Ulam design]] for a hydrogen bomb: a fission bomb uses radiation to compress and heat a separate section of fusion fuel.")
![terminal]], or re-entry phase, of the [[multiple independently targetable reentry vehicle]]s](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Trident C-4 montage.jpg?width=200 "terminal]], or re-entry phase, of the [[multiple independently targetable reentry vehicle]]s")
![The [[USSR]] and United States nuclear weapon stockpiles throughout the [[Cold War]] until 2015, with a precipitous drop in total numbers following the end of the Cold War in 1991.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/US and USSR nuclear stockpiles.svg?width=200 "The [[USSR]] and United States nuclear weapon stockpiles throughout the [[Cold War]] until 2015, with a precipitous drop in total numbers following the end of the Cold War in 1991.")
![heavier lift]] Russian [[SS-18 Satan]], could contain up to ten nuclear warheads (shown in red), each of which could be aimed at a different target. A factor in the development of [[MIRV]]s was to make complete [[missile defense]] difficult for an enemy country.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/W87 MX Missile schematic.jpg?width=200 "heavier lift]] Russian [[SS-18 Satan]], could contain up to ten nuclear warheads (shown in red), each of which could be aimed at a different target. A factor in the development of [[MIRV]]s was to make complete [[missile defense]] difficult for an enemy country.")
تعريف
ويكيبيديا
The bombe (UK: ) was an electro-mechanical device used by British cryptologists to help decipher German Enigma-machine-encrypted secret messages during World War II. The US Navy and US Army later produced their own machines to the same functional specification, albeit engineered differently both from each other and from Polish and British bombes.
The British bombe was developed from a device known as the "bomba" (Polish: bomba kryptologiczna), which had been designed in Poland at the Biuro Szyfrów (Cipher Bureau) by cryptologist Marian Rejewski, who had been breaking German Enigma messages for the previous seven years, using it and earlier machines. The initial design of the British bombe was produced in 1939 at the UK Government Code and Cypher School (GC&CS) at Bletchley Park by Alan Turing, with an important refinement devised in 1940 by Gordon Welchman. The engineering design and construction was the work of Harold Keen of the British Tabulating Machine Company. The first bombe, code-named Victory, was installed in March 1940 while the second version, Agnus Dei or Agnes, incorporating Welchman's new design, was working by August 1940.
The bombe was designed to discover some of the daily settings of the Enigma machines on the various German military networks: specifically, the set of rotors in use and their positions in the machine; the rotor core start positions for the message—the message key—and one of the wirings of the plugboard.
